Summary
Today seems nobody in the world to be saved. Terrorism, an ugly development which has the world's leading companies and the public forced millions of dollars beefing spend their safety, has become a global threat. Amidst this seemingly tight security and threat, thousands of innocent souls have named their lives to the destruction terrorism lost.
Statistically, it has been shown that no country in the world to terrorist attacks is exceptional. Pius Odiaka writes on the palpable fear pervading the world after the series of bomb attacks in some countries. He explains in the Guardian newspaper, Friday, 29 July 2005 (page 24) that "no part of the world without terror bloodshed left from Kenya, Algeria, Egypt in Africa, in many countries in the Middle East and the Gulf region;. Indonesia , Philippines, Pakistan and India in Asia, Washington and New York in America, Spain and now London in Europe many innocent souls were out of existence sniffed "
the paper presents how terrorism is. Threat to world peace. It will list the category of terrorist acts. It is also to investigate the causes and effects of terrorism in human progress, especially in the field of peace education and entertainment. Above all, it will make recommendations available by referencing for a global counter-terrorism strategy on the recommendations of the United Nations. It concludes by affirming that global peace can only be achieved if the world market leader and terrorism in all forms and impact Trailer condemn and unconditionally and act justly in its quest to provide eternal solutions for peace because it represents a most serious of the threats to global peace and security.
Introduction
In the history of mankind, terrorism widely recognized as the known enemy of mankind. As the story is even admit that terrorism destruction with far-reaching and devastating effects, it is the most cruel crimes against humanity. His remains have neighbors into enemies and have made our societies and the world unsafe for life. Its objectives and applications are global and uncompromising. Neither terrorism nor perpetrators are new. Although it has been used since the dawn of time, can not keep the story itself, with precision, the number of lost lives and properties to terrorism.
No doubt terrorism has with its destructive force, the world anew, we designed life. we now live marked by increasing violence and conflict in the world. This in turn has led to the world of growing mistrust, fear, division and represents a significant new threat to international justice, peace and security. This ugly trend so Amnesty International has observed in its report of 2004, the permanent effects of the crime on humanity.
This report and others provide an important point, as have made terrorism or acts of terrorism the world insecure and as it threatened global peace.
Historical Background Terrorism
It is relevant to recall that shapes society and governments in the past are different from what they are today, when the history of terrorism and the use terrorist to describe the time. Only in 1648 (Treaty of Westphalia), there was nothing like the modern nation-states. Newer is the monopoly of the state at war or interstate violence. The lack of central authority gave opportunity to many more players to participate in the game of warfare. But this has to influence a process for making a political change did not make use of terror. Unlike the modern era, where only nations go to war, the participation of actors such as religious leaders, mercenaries, commercial companies, national armies and much has to be more than legitimate and normal.
acts of terrorism or the threat of such a measure have been in existence for millennia. So, telling the history of terrorism, it is important to talk about the different types of terrorism and terrorist individuals and groups. Below is the summary of the history of terrorism
Ancient .:
Sicarii zealots
political scientists see the radical Sicarii scion of the Jewish Zealots as one of the earliest forerunners of modern terrorism , As modern terrorists they wanted their actions suggest a message to a wider audience: in this case, the Roman imperial officials and all pro-Roman and collaborators
Al-Assassin
The Hashshashin (also Hashishin, Hashsshiyyin or Assassins) were an offshoot of Isma ili sect of Shia. After a dispute over the succession to the leadership of the ruling Fatimid dynasty in Cairo around the year 1090 the loss was driven Nizariyya fraction from Egypt. They set up a series of fortified settlements in present-day Iran, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon under the charismatic leader Hasan I Sabbah.Persecuted as infidels by the dominant Sunni sect in the Muslim world; she sent assassins dedicated suicide prominent Sunni leaders to eliminate that as "impious usurpers." The sect of the invading Mongols was decimated, their last stronghold of Hulegu Khan in flattened 1272.Many scientists the term Hashshashin believe a name to it was given by their enemies, derived from the Arabic "hassasin (hashish users) they are supposed to have taken before their attacks, but this etymology is disputed. sects calls itself al-da-wa al-Jadida, which means the new doctrine, and were known within the organization as Fedayeen.
Seventeenth century
Gunpowder Plot (1605)
on November 5, 1605 a group of conspirators, led by Guy Fawkes, attempted to destroy on the opening of the British Parliament, by a large detonation amount of gunpowder placed secretly under the building. that was to kill King design james1 and the members of both houses of parliament. In the resulting anarchy, planned to implement a coup plotters and the Catholic faith to England to recover. the plan was thwarted betrayed and then.
XVIII century
1.Sons of Liberty
The Sons of Liberty were a British rule against underground group in the colonies, the more committed attacks, most famous among them was the Boston Tea Party. No one was killed by any action or seriously injured, was taken.
2. Terror (1793-1794)
The Reign of Terror (5 September 1793- July 28, 1794) or simply the Terror (French: la Terreur) was a period of when fighting between rival factions out about 11 months during the French Revolution to mutual radicalization that took the guillotine with mass executions on a violent character
victims of the. reign of terror came to around 40,000.Among people which are condemned by the revolutionary tribunals, about 8 percent were aristocrats, 6 percent clergy 14 percent middle class, and 70 percent were workers or farmers hoard accused to evade the draft, desertion, rebellion, and other purported crimes.
Nineteenth century
1.Anarchism
anarchists was the most prolific terrorists of the 19th century, with the terrorist tendencies both nationalism and political movements of communism or fascism still in it infancy. The disjointed attacks of various anarchist groups lead to the murder of the Russian Tsar and American presidents but had little real political impact.
2.Tsarist Russia
In Russia, from the mid-19th century, the intelligentsia grew impatient with the slow pace of the tsarist reforms had slowed considerably after the assassination of Alexander II of Russia , Radicals then sought to transform rather than farmers discontent into open revolution. Anarchists such as Mikhail Bakunin claims that progress without destruction has not been possible. With the development of powerful enough stable and affordable explosives, closed the gap between the firepower of the state and the means available to dissidents. The main group responsible for the resulting campaign of terror-'Narodnaya Volya "(People's Will) (1878-1881) - used the word" terrorist "proud They believed in the targeted killing of." Leaders of oppression '; They were convinced that the development of technologies of activated age symbolized by bombs and bullets- to beat them directly and distinctively. "People's Will", only have 30 members, tried several attempts on Tsa. Culminating in the assassination of Tsar Alexander II on March 13, 1881 to kill the Czar when he was traveling by train.
3. Irish Republican Brotherhood
1867, the Irish Republican Brotherhood, a revolutionary nationalist group with support from Irish-Americans, carried out attacks in England. These were the first acts of "republican terrorism", which has been a recurring feature of British history, and these Fenians were the forerunners of the Irish Republican Army. The ideology of the group was Irish nationalism.
4. Nationalist terrorism
The Fenians / IRA and the IMRO, the prototype of all nationalist terrorism "are considered, and also illustrate the (even controversial) expression that" a man of terrorists other man freedom fighters "at least one of these groups reach their goal. so an independent Ireland launched has an independent Macedonia, but original IMRO probably contributed little recourse to this result some groups on the use of dynamite as Catalan nationalists did as La Reixa and Bandera Negra ...
5. John Brown
John Brown was an abolitionist, advocated armed resistance against slavery. He was committed several terrorist attacks and also involved in illegal smuggling of slaves . His most famous attack on the armory at Harpers Ferry was, although the local forces would capture the fortress soon and Brown again, try and execute him for treason. His death would make him a martyr of the abolitionist cause, one of the origins of the American Civil War, and a hero of the Union forces who fought in it.
6. Ku Klux Klan (1865)
The original Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was created after the end of the American Civil War on December 24, 1865 by six educated middle class allied veterans from Pulaski, Tennessee. It soon spread in almost all the southern state of the United States. The Klan has advocated what is generally perceived as white supremacy, anti-Semitism, racism, anti-Catholicism, homophobia and nativism. They often terrorism, violence and acts of intimidation such as cross burning used to suppress African-Americans and other groups. The name "Ku Klux Klan" has been used by many independent groups, but they seem to center all on the belief of white supremacy. From its inception to the present day, the number of members and influence has changed a lot. However, there is little doubt that, especially in the southern United States, it has exercised sometimes much political influence and generated great anxiety among African-Americans and their supporters. At one time KKK controlled the governments of Tennessee, Indiana, Oklahoma and Oregon, in addition to some of the southern US legislators.
Twentieth century
Suffragette, assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (1914), KKK (1915), Irgun (1936-1948), World War II, nationalism and the end of the Empire, Cold War proxies ,, ,, IRA ETA, Aum (1984-1995), Achille Lauro hijacking (1985), the Lockerbie bombing (1988), Umkhonto we Sizwe (South Africa 1961-1990), PLO (1964-c.1988), Colombian terrorist groups, Munich Massacre (1972), Matsumoto incident (1994), Sarin gas attack on Tokyo subway (1995), and Oklahoma City bombing (1995) are types of terrorism and individual terrorists and groups that operated in the twentieth century.
twenty-first century
, the well acclaimed September 11 (2002) attack and the siege of Beslan School recent terrorist attacks the twenty-first century
terrorism :. But interpretation of that phenomenon
as clearly mentioned above, established itself as a world phenomenon terrorism before 1648 then has it is essential to look at the true meaning of term.Although a particular definition provides it with a series of controversies was awarded, etymologically, the term originates from the Latin, "terrere", "scare" about the French, meaning word terrorisme, often to the regime de la terreur, the reign of terror of the revolutionary government in France in 1793 1794.The Committee of public Security agents who were enforced the policy of "the terror" called "terrorists is assigned."
the word "terrorism" was first in English Dictionary in 1798 added, as in the sense of "systematic use of terror as a policy". The Oxford English Dictionary records nor a definition of terrorism as "government by intimidation by the party in power in France carried out between 1789-1794.
The controversial question is that the vocabulary of terrorism successor has become that anarchy and communism opprobrium the catch-all label, according exploited by the media and politicians.The difficulties in constructing a definition, the only cause for terrorism, has been eliminated, that history branded too many precedents of organizations and their leaders as terrorists but the supplies eventually developed into prestigious government. has proven particularly colonial or oppressive regimes, participation in force in their countries often as a last resort. Jomo Kenyatta spent in Kenya years of his life lobbying the British government prior to his employment with the Mau Mau struggling to national liberation movements This was rebellion. Nelson Mandela, a hero in his continent and beyond is another convicted "terrorists" belong to this class.
Before making an important point, it is important this piece to say that further discussions would consider and review on this issue and recognized that there are other valid arguments on these contentious issues. However, they are not in the premises of this paper.
at a generally accepted definition of terrorism arrival that restricts the implementation of force instead of "all its forms and manifestations" or specific to a method makes it possible to see terrorist acts to an international court, such as genocide and other war crimes or making it impossible to outlaw activities for individual countries choose it as terrorism perhaps for their own political interest is to classify a major challenge in the study of terrorism.
While the United Nations to examine stretched not a definition of terrorism adopted, the "academic consensus definition" of the United Nations. And they are
Ultimately, though, it is not the actual number of definitions of terrorism delete for public evaluation available
. but it is clear that terrorism does not have the respect for human life and values. It has claimed thousands of lives of innocent souls, millions made of people homeless and economically handicapped. Alas, it is clear that terrorism has turned our world into a place conducive to its existence and propagation.impact of terrorism on global peace
Undeniably Terrorism is a threat to world peace. Since it thrives in a world like ours- where violation of human rights, increasing violence and conflict, ethnic, national and religious discrimination, socio-economic marginalization and extreme ideology, dehumanization of victims prominently in practice, it has been possible, in disregard of human life and values, launches war on freedom and peace, multiplying violence and conflict, and to solve the challenges of deployment, the problem of injustice, insecurity and declining economy.
recommendations
according to the United Nations in a report entitled Uniting against terrorism recommendations for a global counter-terrorism strategy, this paper hereby presents the following recommendations;
(1) All parties-the leader and must advise the followers, individuals and institutions people from resorting to terrorism or supporting it.
(2) All interested parties, in all its forms and at all levels, terrorists must refuse the means to carry out an attack by:
- terrorists refused financial support.
-denying terrorists access to deadly weapons, including weapons of mass destruction.
- denying terrorists access to travel.
-denying terrorists access to their targets and their desired effect.
(3) All parties, in all capacities, states must prevent them from supporting terrorist groups.
(4) All parties must develop State capacity to prevent terrorism:
- to promote the rule of law and effective criminal justice systems.
- to promote quality education and religious and cultural tolerance.
- to counter the financing of terrorism.
- to ensure traffic safety.
- terrorists from acquiring nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological prevention
materials, and to ensure better with such materials for an attack prevention
to the defense of soft targets and the response to the attack Improvement.
- United Nations system-wide coherence in promoting the fight against terrorism.
, together to defend (5) All parties to human rights in the context of terrorism
and combating terrorism.
Although my recommendations fashioned from UN recommendation for a global strategy, ask them to fight a holistic and realistic approach, or the fight against terrorism. However, if these recommendations are given the opportunity to work, or if implemented and executed properly and continuously, they are effective strategies to combat terrorism and at the same time, to ensure a world free of violence and conflict, violations of human rights, ethnic , national and religious discrimination, political exclusion and socioeconomic marginalization
Conclusion
How that terrorism concerns us will agree with me, our approach to fight or the fight against terrorism and ensuring all a safe and peaceful world must be collective. However, it is worth mentioning that the world leaders, trailers and actors have vital role to play in the fight against terrorism and in achieving our goals of global peace and security.
. For the world's leading companies and stakeholders, visit these roles transcend or to meet the organization of the World Summit, conferences, seminars, etc. on the subject, and the approval of the global strategy against terrorism on papers You need to commit more resources at all levels to be the cause of sincere and objective in their judgments, practical in their approach and thus create environments conducive to justice, conflict resolution, human rights, equality, stability, unity, prosperity, tolerance, peace and security.Above all, they need to promote and support the end, because the respect for human life and values.
for trailers and individuals, we have to carry the news of conferences that terrorism is inexcusable and unacceptable. We need to enlighten in one- to -one formation or group discussions to commit ourselves to the devastating and destructive effects of terrorism on our lives and values, and stressed that terrorism is not an effective way of championing a cause, whether political, religious or otherwise. We must recognize that peace is the most valuable human need.
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